Ambiguity in the Item Wording, Ambiguity in the Respondents’ Comprehension? An Experiment on the ‘Immigrants/Foreign Workers’ Social Distance Item in Values Surveys

Authors

  • Riccardo Ladini University of Milan
  • Ferruccio Biolcati University of Milan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18148/srm/2023.v17i1.8016

Keywords:

item wording, immigrants, foreign workers, social distance, European Values Study, World Values Survey

Abstract

Since there has been a considerable increase in studies on attitudes toward immigrants in recent years, particular attention must be devoted to the survey instruments used to measure them. Since they first appeared, both the European Values Study and the World Values Study have included a battery of questions to measure social distance, asking which social groups respondents would not be willing to have as neighbors. One of these social groups is ‘immigrants/foreign workers.’ The wording of this item contains a certain degree of ambiguity, as the terms ‘immigrants’ and ‘foreign workers’ refer to two different social groups. Foreign workers are in fact a subcategory of immigrants. Our contribution sets out to assess the working of the item, using a survey experiment randomly assigning respondents three different formulations (‘immigrants/foreign workers’, ‘immigrants,’ and ‘foreign workers’). The data come from the Italian joint edition of the European Values Study-World Values Survey 2017. The results show that Italians perceive a much larger distance toward immigrants than toward foreign workers, which is nevertheless similar to the distance perceived toward ‘immigrants/foreign workers.’ Overall, the empirical evidence suggests the semantic prevalence of the item ‘immigrants’ over ‘foreign workers’ in respondents’ answers. In light of the results, we will discuss their implications for both data users and future values surveys.

Author Biographies

Riccardo Ladini, University of Milan

Riccardo Ladini is assistant professor of political sociology at the Department of Social and Political Sciences of theUniversity of Milan, where he is member of the SPS TREND lab. He has published various articles on survey methodology with the use of survey experiments. He is member of the Italian team of the European Values Study.

Ferruccio Biolcati, University of Milan

Ferruccio Biolcati is full professor of Sociology at the Department of Social and PoliticalSciences of the University of Milan, where he is member of the SPS TREND lab. He teachescourses of social research methodology. He is member of European Values Study (EVS) Methodology Group and serves as principal investigator of the World Values Survey (WVS) in Italy.

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Published

2022-11-08

How to Cite

Ladini, R., & Biolcati, F. (2022). Ambiguity in the Item Wording, Ambiguity in the Respondents’ Comprehension? An Experiment on the ‘Immigrants/Foreign Workers’ Social Distance Item in Values Surveys . Survey Research Methods, 17(1), 63–74. https://doi.org/10.18148/srm/2023.v17i1.8016

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