TY - JOUR AU - Liu, Mingya PY - 2019/05/05 Y2 - 2024/03/29 TI - Universal Quantification and NPI Licensing JF - Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung JA - SuB VL - 14 IS - 0 SE - Articles DO - UR - https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/sub/index.php/sub/article/view/472 SP - 273-288 AB - <p>In this paper, I try to reduce the NPI licensors <em>every, no, only</em> and conditionals to universal quantification <em>?x(Px ? Qx)</em> that licenses NPIs in the restrictor<em> P</em>, which is downward entailing or more exactly, anti-additive. For the uniform analysis, I also advocate two more constraints to guarantee the licensing: one, the restrictor <em>P</em> and the scope <em>Q</em> should be in an essential relation <em>?x(Px ?essential Qx)</em>, i.e. not only if <em>Px</em>, then <em>Qx</em>, but also <em>Qx</em> in virtue of <em>Px</em>. Second, NPIs should occur in the focus within the restrictor, i.e. . . . [. . .<em>NPI</em> . . .]<em><sub>F</sub></em>. . . in <em>Px</em>.</p> ER -